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What happens when you launch an app on macOS
From double-click to first window: LaunchServices, launchd, posix_spawn, AMFI, dyld, the shared cache, sandbox profile installation, the runloop. Six subsystems in three seconds.
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How macOS boots: iBoot to launchd
The full chain from power-on to your login window. Boot ROM, iBoot, kernelcache, kernel_init, bsdinit_task, launchd — what each stage does and how control transfers.
bsdbootlaunchdiboot